Measure the length of objects using a nonstandard unit laid end to end.
Before rulers, you can measure with everyday objects, like paperclips, laid end to end with no gaps and no overlaps. Count how many paperclips fit along the object -- that count is the length.
The unit you pick matters: an object measured in paperclips will need a different-sounding number than the same object measured in pennies.
Mastery looks like: They measure an object length accurately using a nonstandard unit placed end to end with no gaps or overlaps.
Common stumbles: Leaving gaps or letting units overlap; switching to a different unit partway through a measurement.